Press Release: AGH launches Firewood Community Safety Initiative to support high wood heating communities

 

Firewood from Dine Baadeiti
Wood Bank in Moenkopi, AZ

Oct. 3, 2024 - Today the Alliance for Green Heat announced the Firewood Community Safety Initiative, to help communities address wood heating safety issues. The initiative is funded by a three year grant from USDA’s Wood Education Research Center.

“Wood heating, when done well,  is an important renewable energy”, said John Ackerly, President of the Alliance for Green Heat. “This new initiative will provide safe wood heating resources and strategies suitable for wood burning communities”

According to the Rural Energy Consumption Survey approximately 10-13 million U.S. households use wood heat. Wood stoves have long been at the forefront of reducing fossil fuels in rural, lower-income homes.  Unfortunately, many households use old, inefficient and poorly maintained wood stoves that leak smoke inside and outside of the home.

The Firewood Community Safety Initiative is aimed at any firewood bank or high wood-burning town.  Those who participate will receive technical assistance from AGH staff to improve the safety of low-income homes who heat with wood.  A free toolkit, including smoke detector, indoor air sensor, educational resources and other items, is available for towns and firewood banks who sign up for the initiative.

The Alliance is working with Hopi tribal members that lead Pikyanivi Warmth for Hopi and Tewa firewood bank to put air quality monitors in classrooms to educate students about indoor air PM2.5 concentrations. After taking readings at school, each student will take the monitor home for a few days and take readings in the room with their wood stove or heating appliance and see the difference. Almost all homes on the Hopi reservation rely on wood or coal and they hope to identify dangerous stoves and find funding to replace them.

Sixteen other firewood banks have signed up for the Initiative, and some will engage in indoor air quality testing like the Hopi, and others will focus on other strategies. The initiative is part of a larger program that provides small grants to firewood banks to help them serve low income homes who can’t afford to heat their homes.  To date, the Alliance for Green heat has provided over 100 grants to tribes, churches, towns, non-profits and volunteer groups that run firewood banks.

Also part of this initiative is educational activities like webinars and the first one is "Common Problems and Solutions to Self-Installed Wood Stoves" On Oct. 17, from 1:00 - 2:30 EST. 

The Firewood Community Safety Initiative is made possible by a grant from the Wood Education Center at the USDA Forest Service.

For more information contact Hannah Stinson at Hannah@forgreenheat.org. To sign up your firewood bank or community, please fill out the form here.

Ancestral Lands Conservation Corp in Kykotsmovi Village, AZ

The Alliance for Green Heat promotes modern wood and pellet heating systems as a low-carbon, sustainable and affordable energy solution. The Alliance works to advance renewable residential heating technology, particularly for low and middle-income families. Founded in 2009, the Alliance is an independent non-profit organization headquartered in Maryland with staff in Arkansas, Wisconsin and Wyoming. www.forgreenheat.org

Wood stoves essential in transition to heat pumps, say tribal experts

Shaina Oliver is from the Northern
Navajo Nation and represented Mom's
Clean Air Force at the Conference. 

In a series of meetings at the annual National Tribal Forum on Air Quality , experts voiced a consistent message: as we install heat pumps in tribal homes, we should also keep wood stoves.

Nowhere are wood stoves as common as on many tribal reservations, who have long relied on both wood and coal for residential heating. Some homes are still being outfitted with coal stoves that can also burn wood, whereas wood stoves cannot safely burn coal.

There is a historic amount of money available to tribes and other underserved communities that can be used for residential home energy upgrades, and this funding was possibly the most common theme of the air quality conference, held on the land of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

AGH was part of a panel workshop along with EPA’s Burn Wise, the Tribal Healthy Homes Network, Red Feather Development Group, and the Nez Perce Air Quality Program. Among the core topics were how change-out funds can best be used, how to reduce indoor wood smoke, improving firewood bank programs, switching from wood to electric heat pumps, etc. Some change out programs have been conducted, but the number of dangerously installed old stoves remains enormous. AGH now has funding for tribal firewood banks, which includes assistance in seasoning wood, and steps toward getting stoves inspected and repaired.

From left: John Ackerly, Joe Seidenberg,
Darian Dyer, Larry Brockman and
Danielle Johnson.

AGH's funding for firewood banks is helping tribal communities in the four corners area to transition away from coal heat. According to Shaina Oliver, an indigenous people's rights advocate and field organizer for Mom's Clean Air Force, a treaty forced on the Navajo Nation included a deal to mine coal on Navajo land, and tribal members were given free coal for heating, cooking - or selling. But when the mine closed, thousands of households struggled to heat their homes, even though coal can still be scavenged in some places. "We may not be able to control what we breath outdoors, but we can control the indoor air quality," said Shaina Oliver, which is why the National Tribal Air Association has pushed for replacements of wood stoves to newer ones that reduce indoor smoke.

The key problem with the conversion to heat pumps is mainly that they are expensive, and it could take decades for even a majority of tribal homes to have them. “Wood heating is vital for maintaining healthy homes in the Navajo and Hopi Nations and it is deeply ingrained in their cultures, representing healing, remembrance, and togetherness,” according to Joe Seidenberg, Executive Director of Red Feather Development Group that has been involved in many change-outs on the Hopi and Navajo reservations, and has one of the best wood heat education sites in the country.

An abnormally high percent of 
wood stoves on reservations are
dangerously installed.

“While the wave of electrification and heat pump technology will bring significant benefits to these communities, wood heating will never be completely replaced,” Mr. Seidenberg said. “The Colorado Plateau, rich in forested landscapes, provides ample wood resources, and using this wood helps preserve healthy ecosystems by preventing catastrophic wildfires through active thinning operations,” he continued.

The number of people who identify as Native Americans in the US, jumped from around 5 million in 2010 to more than 9 million in 2020, with about 78% living outside of reservations. The highest percentage of Native Americans in the U.S. are in Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, South Dakota, Montana, and North Dakota.

Compared to other races or ethnic populations, American Indian and Alaskan Native populations (AI/AN) have the highest poverty rates (24.1%)—almost twice the national rate (12.8%). Poverty, combined with living in rural areas, is one of the biggest determinants of whether wood or coal will be your primary source of heat.

For many of the large western tribes, particularly in the southwest, outdoor ambient wood smoke issues were far less of a problem than indoor wood smoke issues. As a result, there appears to be a trend away from wood stove change outs, toward a far more cost-effective solution: indoor air purifiers. There is also the expectation that heat pumps will reduce the amount of time that wood stoves are used.

AGH's Pam Porter with the
Cherokee firewood bank
staff. 

Many speakers voiced concern about the ongoing cost of heat pumps for homes that had been relying on wood, which is often cheaper. But for the many tribal homes that have electric baseboard heating, or propane heat, heat pumps can lower monthly bills significantly, sometimes to a fraction of the cost.

There are a number of funding opportunities open to tribes and non-profits that could be used for wood stove changeouts, for larger firewood bank projects, and to deploy heat pumps. EPA’s Burn Wise team at the conference urged tribes to explore this funding, including the EPA’s The Environmental Justice Thriving Communities Grantmaking Program. Applicants typically apply in stages, starting with $150,000, and then going to $250,000 and finally $350,000. AGH could also partner with one of more firewood banks to apply for this funding.

Wood smoke in low-income communities is an environmental justice challenge for the EPA

The Alliance for Green Heat, along with eight firewood banks across the nation that support the comment, submitted a response to the EPA's Request for Information on the Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant Program (ECJ Program). This was a great opportunity to practice viewing wood heating through an environmental justice lens. Below is the submitted comment.

"Re: Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant Program - Request for Information (Docket No. EPA-HQ-OEJECR-2023-0023)

Summary 

The Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant (ECJ) program presents an opportunity to address marginalized communities who primarily heat with wood and experience excessive wood smoke that is a health hazard. The EPA has neglected wood heating technology and wood heating regulations, contributing to thousands of communities living with excessive indoor and outdoor wood smoke.  

Wood heating communities include many tribes and also rural areas in the colder parts of the United States that have always relied on wood heat. The technology has stagnated, in part due to lack of attention by the EPA and DOE, who appear to regard wood stoves as an antiquated appliance relied on by poor households, and not worthy of development.  A recent report from the EPA’s Office of Inspector General found that the EPA wood stove certification program is broken, leaving consumers vulnerable to stoves that may have higher emissions than they should (EPA OIG, 2023).  For decades, under administrations of both parties, the EPA’s wood heater certification program has been underfunded and understaffed, jeopardizing those communities that rely most on wood heat, which include many of the poorest rural populations.   

The OIG report recognized the environmental justice issue in poor communities that primarily heat with wood, but it used data that obscures the extent of the problem. The EPA looked at all households, including urban ones, rather than focusing on income levels of rural homes that use wood. A very flawed study commissioned by the EPA in 2010 found that “the average risk from residential wood smoke is lower for people living on Tribal Lands than for the general population,” (Analysis of Exposure to Residential Wood Combustion Emissions for Different Socio-Economic Groups, 2010). Thus, the final 2015 NSPS, the updated wood stove regulations, found that there were no “disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on any population, including any minority, low-income or indigenous population,” (EPA, 2015).

As our country electrifies and looks to the heat pump to decarbonize heating, wood stoves will likely remain popular for some time or even increase in popularity. In rural areas, power outages are becoming more, not less common, and people are wary of relying solely on electric heat. In addition, for millions of households wood is a free fuel and despite the efficiency of a heat pump, wood will always be cheaper than electricity. There still does not appear to be the political will at the EPA to address the needs of LMI communities that rely on wood to heat their homes.  

We urge the EPA to consider funding programs that:

1. Change out old wood stoves for heat pumps or newer wood stoves, depending on the needs of LMI households.

2. Support Firewood Banks that help LMI households get seasoned wood, energy audits, repairs for dangerous wood stoves and ultimately trade up to cleaner heaters.

3. Explore the development of affordable, computerized wood stoves that drastically reduce PM and give households the chance to heat with a renewable without excessive air pollution.

4. Provide training to do health and safety inspections of wood stoves during energy audits. Currently, energy audits programs for LMI households are not equitable in inspecting wood stoves, as they do for fossil fuel heaters which are typically found in wealthier homes.  Wood heaters should not be treated as a second-class appliance. 

By funding such projects, the ECJ program will help achieve Justice40 Initiative objectives by investing in cleaner, renewable heating in rural, firewood dependent LMI communities.  

Comment addressing item (2) types of actions related to President Biden’s Justice40 Initiative

We recommend that the Environmental and Climate Justice Block Grant program consider how best to support the fuel poverty and resilience of wood heating populations due to their rural geographic location and socioeconomic status. 

Lower-income households rely on wood heating more than higher-income households (Figure 1). The reasons for this range from accessibility to affordability. In our work, we hear stories of burning kitchen cabinets as a last resort for heating a home. Stories of elder community members making the choice of whether they should pay for heat, pay for their prescriptions, or pay for groceries is not uncommon. 

Figure 1. Data from 2015 OIG analysis of U.S. Energy Information Administration data. 

The average household income of homes using wood as a primary heat source is $76,490, the second lowest of any heating category (above homes that lack a primary heat source and just below homes that use electric heating) (Figure 2). 

	No. of Homes	Average Household Income
Utility Gas	58,643,017	$102,942
Propane	5,961,261	$89,662
Electricity	48,468,896	$77,460
Fuel Oil	5,426,218	$102,019
Coal	111,521	$80,480
Wood	2,022,868	$76,490
Solar	255,514	$141,873
Other	575,782	$85,732
None	1,337,827	$74,136

Figure 2. ACS 1-Year Estimates-Public Use Microdata Sample. Average of US household income in past 12 months.

Energy production and distribution have created archetypal cases of environmental injustice—

mountaintop removal for coal mining in Appalachia, nuclear waste siting on Navajo reservations in the West, oil refineries in southern Louisiana. Another example is the incredibly high percentage of homes that still heat with wood in poor rural areas that have not yet become part of the fossil fuel age. Areas where the majority population identifies as Native American, particularly in the Southwest, are likely to either heat primarily with wood or find it as the second most popular heating fuel in the area. This further makes the case that regulating and supporting wood stove households is an environmental justice issue. For example, in Apache County, Arizona, nearly 54% of homes are heated with wood (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021) with 71% of people identifying as Native American (U.S. Census Bureau, 2020). In McKinley County, New Mexico, a similar story. Around 44% of homes heat with wood (U.S Census Bureau, 2021) and 78% of people identify as Native American (U.S. Census Bureau, 2020). In San Juan County, Utah, about 38% of homes are heated with wood (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021) as 50% of the population identify as Native American (U.S. Census Bureau, 2020). These are not the only examples that represent the important role wood heating plays in Native American populations. Acknowledging that wood is used for primary heating by only 1.4% of homes nationally, this is a staggering rate of wood burners for a certain population and one that should not be overlooked when discussing funding to rectify environmental injustice (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021). The map below illustrates the concentration of wood fuel users by highlighting the often rural geography of their location as well as the prevalence of wood fuel on Southwest reservations. 

Muyskens et al. 2023. “U.S. home heating is fractured in surprising ways: Look up your neighborhood.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/home-electrification-heat-pumps-gas-furnace/?itid=hp_desktop-dont-miss_p005_f002.  

Considering that there is legitimate concern over the capacity of our energy grid to handle increasingly harsh climate change-driven natural disasters (Climate Reality Project, 2022), wood stoves may help in some areas during the transition to electricity. Making sure wood stoves are safe to use in LMI households should be paramount. Maintaining realistic expectations for the performance of our energy grid, given that U.S. households experienced more electric disruptions in 2021 than the previous high level of disruptions in 2020 (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2021), would ensure more energy resilient communities. In this way, wood stoves could play an empowering role for households that fear electric disruptions as well as the increasing costs (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2023), and environmental concerns of natural gas (Jordan, 2022). 

Proper wood stove inspections, referrals for possible wood stove change-outs, and heat pump installation consultations when wood heat does not best serve a household anymore are needed. Multiple firewood banks that we have worked with have expressed interest in offering these services if they could secure funding to train volunteers to properly inspect and then facilitate the next steps to address the household’s needs. Firewood banks have an intimate view and partnership with fuel-poor households and are in a unique position to facilitate a more energy-equitable outcome. Because socioeconomic status and geography play such an intricate role in identifying environmental injustices, a mechanism to support firewood banks to provide these services would be of great help.

Providing households who struggle to keep their families warm with an emergency fuel source is one thing but ensuring that these families are using this fuel source in a safe wood stove appliance is another. We suggest that the ECJ grant funds programs address the reduction of indoor and outdoor air pollution, the prevention of house fires, and the repair or removal of wood stoves."

Signed By

Alliance for Green Heat  Takoma Park, MD Koho4Hopi  Second Mesa, AZ Pikunivi Wood Haulers Second Mesa, AZ Oglala Lakota Cultural & Economic  Revitalization Initiative (OLCERI)  Pine Ridge, SD Kootznoowoo, Inc.  on behalf of the village of Angoon, AK

Cullowhee UMC Project F.I.R.E. Cullowhee, NC Petersham Community Wood Bank Petersham, MA Rural Organizing and Resilience Marshall, NC St. Michael & All Angels Episcopal Church Wood Bank Eureka, MT

Firewood bank leaders hold first national meeting

More than 30 leaders of firewood banks receiving Forest Service funding via the Alliance for Green met
online to discuss the challenges their banks face and how Forest Service funding can help them better serve low-income households in their communities. 

This was the first time that many of the funded firewood banks met the heads of other banks and realized that they were part of a much larger national network.

 

The meeting was convened by the Alliance for Green Heat and featured a short talk by Brian Brashaw, Assistant Director for Wood Innovations at the US Forest Service, who are providing the funding for this program.

 

The purpose of the meeting was to explore how firewood banks can support one another and share information that would help other banks.  

 

During the meeting, bank leaders described a wide variety of organizations and activities, not all of which were even called “firewood banks.”  The underlying commonality is that they all provided free firewood to needy households.  Beyond that, the differences may be greater than the similarities.  Several tribes ran operations that resembled a small firewood utility, an entity responsible for delivering heating fuel throughout the winter.  Other banks only provided firewood on an emergency basis, when a household ran out of all other fuel.  Another bank served families who had gone through a rigorous eligibility screening process run by a state-supported agency and who could also receive LIHEAP benefits.

 

The way in which each firewood bank procures wood is as diverse as their geographic locations. From simple plans like receiving donations from downed trees on town streets to working with loggers thinning forests at risk of wildfire.  One bank serving tribal homes had equipment and staffing to process 7 cords an hour.  At the other end of the spectrum were small banks who were able to stop splitting wood by hand and use hydraulic splitters with this year’s funding. Obtaining wood becomes its own case study as the public-private-community lines intersect.  

 

As firewood bank leaders shared their stories, we were reminded of how critical wood heating and access to firewood is for some households. Robin, with the Oglala Lakota Cultural and Economic Revitalization Initiative (OLCERI), shared with us that on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota where OLCERI operates, housing is “woefully inadequate for the cold,” and that “people literally die in their homes every year, they’re freezing to death.” Providing wood for their community is a lifesaving action. For as many “thank yous” that we received from the firewood banks during the meeting, a thousand “thank yous” are owed back to them for doing their incredible work.

 

One conclusion based on this year's funding is that there may be far more wood banks than anyone realized and there is no easy way to reach them.  Wood banks emerge from churches, tribes, non-profits, town and county offices because it is the cheapest way to provide heating fuel to homes, and households heating with wood are not well-served by federal and state low-income heating programs. For some firewood banks, providing wood for heating is a service they have offered in the last decade while others, like the Nez Perce tribe, have long relied on and supplied wood to their community. Howard Teasley Jr., Director of the Forestry and Fire Management Division of the Nez Perce Tribe, shared that they have “dealt with fuel wood since life immemorial,” serving around 350-400 homes per year. 

 

Map showing the location of firewood banks funded in this cycle. 
Yellow represents faith-based banks, purple represents tribal banks, 
and green represents non-profit banks.

While all these firewood banks provide free firewood, like food banks, each one is distinctive.  One bank provides firewood to people with terminal illnesses who have run out of money.  Some provide multiple deliveries to each house through the winter, while others just provide a single delivery. Some firewood banks take steps to verify heating needs before delivering wood while others approach distribution with a no-questions policy. If someone says they need it, they give it.     

Other stakeholders working with firewood banks attended the meeting including Larry Brockman of the EPA's Burnwise program, Clarisse Hart of the Harvard Forest, Jessica Leahy of the University of Maine, Sean Mahoney from the State of Massachussetts and others.

 

The $590,000 for first year grants is going to 47 banks and applications for this year are now closed.  Congress provided funding for a 5-year period and the Alliance for Green Heat expects to announce updated criteria for the second-year funding cycle in the spring.

 

To stay up-to-date on when the next funding becomes available, sign up for updates at the bottom of this page.

Further Information:

• USDA Funding Flows to Firewood Banks (January 4th, 2023)
• Firewood Bank Resources (2022)

 

 

 

USDA funding flows to firewood banks

There is a wood bank in the historic
Village of Walpi in Arizona that works
to maintain their  traditional 
architecture and customs. 

Second year grant details: The US Forest Service approved a second year of funding for AGH's  Firewood Bank Assistance Project.  Applications can be submitted as of Sept. 1, 2023.  Details for who can apply are different for the second year grant cycle and can be found here.

First year grant details: In 2022, the Alliance for Green Heat has received firewood grant applications for over $600,000 and has disbursed $587,000 of the available $590,000 (the remaining $3,000 will be rolled into the second year grant cycle). Fifty-six firewood banks in 20 states received an average of about $12,000 each. With The funding comes from the US Forest Service which part of the US Department of Agriculture and represents the first of five years of funding for firewood banks.

The largest firewood banks receiving funding are run by tribes in New Mexico and Arizona where a large percentage of homes heat with wood.  About 40% of applications received to date are from tribes, some of which process over 1,000 cords of wood and supply more than 500 homes each winter with fuel.  Overall, the 43 firewood banks who have applied so far process an average of 212 cords per year and provide an average of 1.3 cords per household. 

Volunteers at Project Fire in
North Carolina load wood for delivery.

Firewood banks are like food banks and are probably in all US states with the exception of Hawaii. Researchers had estimated there were up to 100 firewood banks across the country, but there are now believed to be at least double that number.

The firewood banks are using the funding mainly to purchase chain saws, splitters, trailers, sheds, moisture meters  and safety equipment. Most firewood banks already have liability insurance and all are required by AGH to have staff and volunteers sign liability waivers.    AGH also requires recipients to regularly test the moisture content of their wood and strive to only provide seasoned wood (20% moisture content or lower) during the heating season.

Firewood, sometimes called the “people’s fuel,” because it is often free and abundant, is seeing a resurgence this year as fossil fuel prices climb.  Most of the firewood banks use wood that was already dead or down and much of it is donated by tree services, towns or local people. Still, most wood that falls across roads or on people’s lawns is thrown away.  According to the EPA, in 2018, landfills received 12.2 million tons of wood, 8.3% of all municipal waste that was landfilled. 

For more information or to apply, go to https://www.firewoodbanks.org.

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