How can we balance the need for heat with the smoke it causes? A personal journey.

This essay was reprinted from 
Rural Roots, dedicated to telling 
the stories of rural health in
New England.

By John Ackerly

Growing up in central New Hampshire, my dad taught me how to choose a large round log to place at the back of the fireplace so that there would still be coals in the morning.  He called it an “all nighter log.”  It seemed to work.

I looked up to my dad as a fountain of not just knowledge, but wisdom passed down through the generations. Turns out, some of this was not good advice and was not good for our health.  “All nighter logs” were designed to smolder through the night and open fireplaces are notorious for leaking smoke into the home.  

Early fascination with wood stoves

My dad also made me chop and stack wood far more than I wanted to as I kid.  Once I was old enough to realize how much I loved that activity, I got to experience the challenge of getting my son to do it with me.

I remember a friend once telling me I smelled like wood smoke after I came out of my house.  It didn’t really disturb me at the time, but in retrospect it should have.  As I went through my teens I was drawn to Nichols Hardware, down the hill from where we lived.  In the basement they had dozens of models of wood stoves, and for some reason I just liked being around them. In the late 1970s and 1980s they were so popular the Nichols family could barely keep them in stock. But the idyllic little New England towns, like mine, located in valleys soon became filled with wood smoke.

In my twenties, when I began paying my own utility bills, the benefit of wood heating hit home. Wood is the people’s fuel, and if you don’t want to go out and get it yourself, there is likely someone down the road who sells it.  Its never controlled by some corporate giant that adds any number of taxes and fees to their monthly bills. 

History of wood heat in New England 

After Eva Horton's success in Maine, 
Duncan Symes started Vermont Castings
in the mid-1970s.

In the mid-1800s every house in New England heated with wood and we had clearcut the land for sheep, building and energy.  The Troy New York areas was for woodstoves what Detroit would become for cars.  By 1940, 23% of the country still heated with wood, falling to a low point in 1970 when only 1.3% did. But New England states held on to wood, with 36% of New Hampshire homes heating with it, and 33% coal. 

In 1972, before the Arab Oil embargo, a woman from Maine named Eva Horton was the first American to popularize modern wood stove designs by importing Jotul stoves from Norway.  They used less wood and made less smoke, a dual advantage. Vermont Castings didn’t start until 1975 but soon dominated the market and built a cult-like following.   

Regulation of wood stoves

But the rush for wood stoves in the aftermath of the Arab Oil Embargo led to far too much wood smoke, especially in the Pacific Northwest where trade winds created terrible inversions in valleys, trapping all the wood smoke.  When wood smoke gets that bad, it’s like a nearby wildfire, and the smoke seeps into everyone’s home, regardless of whether you heated with wood or not. 

States put pressure on the EPA to regulate wood stoves and as of 1988, they must meet basic emission regulations.  This helped a lot, as did a declining number of people heating with wood. Today ambient outdoor wood smoke, especially in the Northeast is far better and the biggest health threat is usually not from outdoor ambient smoke, but smoke from your own stove, leaking into your home. 

Choosing a career promoting wood stoves

Nichols Hardware, in lower left, served the Upper Valley
from 1945 to 2006, selling wood stoves and everything
else a country hardware sells.

I moved away from New Hampshire, pursued a career and family, and in my mid-50s, I needed a career shift.  After being an armchair wood stove aficionado, I decided to start a non-profit, the Alliance for Green Heat, dedicated to cleaner and more efficient wood stoves.  With all the interest in renewable energy, I thought there was an opening because wood stoves were in about 10% of American homes, whereas in 2010, not even 1% had solar panels, much less electric cars.  I scraped by earning somewhat of a living for 15 years, finding that foundations, governments and the public regarded wood stoves with some suspicion, even though they are a lifeline to millions of rural households. 

Part of that suspicion is well-founded in that stoves can create unhealthy indoor air, but that does mean all stoves lead to bad indoor air quality.  And the rise of uncertified outdoor wood boilers which create more smoke than heat gave wood heating a bad name during a crucial decade when we were seeking to show wood stoves had promise.  Vermont took the lead to regulate them and then ban them unless they were for homes with virtually no neighbors.

My passion was to computerize the wood stove, and we got grants from New York state and the Department of Energy to hold wood stove design challenges to get manufacturers to add sensors, and combustion fans so people would only have to load the wood, then let modern technology shoot just the right amount of air, at the right time, to the right part of the firebox.

Our group also got funding from the US Forest Service and support firewood banks all over the country, and especially in New England.  The Trump administration is cutting funding for them now, as they are to local food banks.

Environmental and health impacts of wood heat today

Firewood is a very low-carbon heating fuel assuming its harvested sustainably, which is not a problem today in New England. Homes heated with wood or pellets do not contribute to the devastating impact that fossil heating fuels have had.  Wood heating also has a major health benefit because the exercise of chopping and stacking wood is not to be underestimated.

But it also comes with a significant health threat - air pollution -  that many of us like my father, don’t take seriously enough. 

Bottom line: if you regularly smell wood smoke in your home, the safest thing to do is to call a chimney sweep and see if they can help figure out what is going wrong.  Often, it’s from a poorly installed stove that doesn’t have a strong enough draft.  Sometimes, its prevailing wind that blows smoke down your chimney and can be fixed with a special chimney cap.  Or you may be burning unseasoned wood. Whatever you do, don’t ignore it.

Getting to the source of the problem is important but using HEPA air filters can help.  You can even make a low-cost effective air filter from a box fan and a furnace filter. Children and the elderly are most susceptible to poor indoor air quality.

Intergenerational knowledge is extremely important and rural New Englanders tend to understand the importance of securing firewood at least a year in advance and seasoning it well. Burning extra dry wood (15-20% moisture content) in a modern, EPA certified wood stove, and not letting your stove smolder is the best thing you can do to reduce wood smoke for your family and your neighbors.  My dad passed away a few years ago and would laugh if he knew I was writing about his bad advice.  Most of it was good and I will always treasure that.

PRESS RELEASE: USDA Forest Service makes investment in firewood banks

Funding targeted for firewood banks who source wood from federal land

The USDA Forest Service awarded $1.4 million to the Alliance for Green Heat (AGH) to expand firewood banks in the United States. AGH, a national non-profit, will distribute the funds to firewood banks to help communities acquire and process low-grade wood from federal lands for residential heating.

Firewood is one of America’s original, domestic fuels that is still heavily relied on by many rural communities. This grant will connect rural communities with forested land that is being actively managed to reduce fire risk and improve forest health. Funds can be used by firewood banks, non-profits, tribes and local governments.

“Firewood banks provide both renewable wood energy to households and a critical outlet for small diameter timber from active forest management. The Forest Service is proud to continue to partner with the Alliance for Green Heat to deliver life-saving heat to rural communities through the firewood bank grant program," said Brian Brashaw, Assistant Director, Wood Innovation, USDA Forest Service.

This is the fourth year that the USDA Forest Service has followed through on a Congressional line item to help scale up the nation’s firewood banks. There are hundreds of firewood banks in the United States that help households who have high energy burdens. During the first three years of this program, the Alliance for Green Heat provided grants of up to $20,000 to 129 firewood programs. This year, grants will be up $50,000 to enable programs to acquire more wood and larger processing equipment.

More detailed information about eligibility and how to apply will be available by September 1 at
www.firewoodbanks.org and www.forgreenheat.org and applications can be submitted as of Sept. 15. An informational webinar reviewing the application details where participants can ask questions will be held on September 11. Registration for the webinar is open now.

“USDA support for firewood use is especially important to help build strategies and awareness of using seasoned wood and the vital role that wood stove change-out programs play in under-served communities where wood stoves are frequently old and poorly installed,” said John Ackerly, President of AGH.

With high electricity and propane prices, firewood banks are a significant support system for rural citizens that don’t have access to affordable heat. Nationally, more than one in ten homes use firewood or wood pellets as a primary or secondary heat source. In some states more than 4 in 10 homes heat use firewood or wood pellets as a primary or secondary heat source. Accessing firewood on federal land is key in relieving heat insecurity in many rural communities and it can help reduce fire risks around populated areas.

# # #

The Alliance for Green Heat promotes modern wood and pellet heating systems as a low-carbon, sustainable and affordable energy solution. The Alliance works to advance cleaner and more efficient residential heating technology, particularly for low and middle-income families. Founded in Maryland in 2009, the Alliance is an independent non-profit organization and is tax-exempt under section 501c3 of the tax code.

USDA grants record amount to biomass thermal projects

Yesterday, the USDA Forest Service announced $80 million in investments to "spur wood products manufacturing, expand active forest management, and accelerate energy innovation across America’s timber-producing communities."  

This year, there are a record number of thermal biomass projects, ranging from support for existing and new small wood pellet plants making pellets for domestic heating, expansion of firewood businesses, larger biomass thermal heating plants, etc.  Of the $80 million, at least $12 million went to more than 30 projects in 19 states that involved thermal biomass applications.  In addition, quite a few projects include biomass to electricity.

"Firewood, pellets and wood chips - these are domestic renewable energy sources that America needs for heating our homes, institutions and businesses," said John Ackerly, President of the Alliance for Green Heat. "They help take strain off of our electric grids, they are affordable for rural communities and sustainable."

The Alliance for Green Heat was not eligible for funding for firewood bank assistance through this grant process but has been advocating for an extension of the funding established through a Congressional earmark.

The program was founded in 2015, under President Obama, in part to mitigate the impacts of climate change, as wildfires began to increase.  It also sought to assist using low grade wood as an energy source. Overall, it has supported the forestry industry in many ways, but from its founding in 2015 until 2021, the budget was relatively small, around $8 million. As of 2022, as wildfire risks became even greater, and with funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, funding began to climb rapidly and reached $74 million last year. 

The $80 million announced yesterday includes grants under three programs:

• The Wood Innovations Grant Program supports projects that expand the use of wood products, including firewood and pellets
• The Community Wood Grant Program helps fund ready-to-go, local projects that use wood for heat and energy.
• The Wood Products Infrastructure Assistance Program funds facilities that purchase and process byproducts from forest restoration projects from federal or tribal lands.

The following grants included thermal biomass applications.

Alaska

• Alaska Energy Authority, $184,651: Advance multiple wood energy projects in interior Alaska that will increase markets for low-value wood and enhance active forest management activities.
• Alaska Energy Authority, $836,723: The project will re-design and construct a woodchip fired combined heat and power (CHP) system at the Tok School. maintaining a markets for biomass resources being consumed by the plant.
• DnA Timberworks, LLC, $85,200: Install a firewood processor to expand markets for small diameter timber while supporting active forest management and wildfire risk reduction in Alaska.

Arizona

• White Mountain Lumber, LLC, $127,508: Establish firewood processing capabilities to support active forest management on nearby National Forests in Arizona.

California 

• American Wood Fibers, Inc, $300,000: Install wood pellet mill to increase low-value wood utilization while supporting active forest management in California.
• Falk Forestry, Inc, $299,664: Establish sawmill and firewood production to increase timber utilization and active forest management in northern California.
• California Hotwood, Inc, $232,000: Upgrades to firewood processing capacity to support reduced wildfire risk and active forest management on National Forests in California.

Colorado

• All Seasons Farm, LLC, $194,500: Increase firewood manufacturing capacity to expand the utilization of low value species and byproducts from active management and reduce wildfire risk on National Forests in southern Colorado.

Idaho

• Northwest Biomass, $172,318: Improve wood processing capacity to increase utilization of forest residues and support active forest management in Idaho.
• Ambient Green, LLC, $386,364: Expanding firewood processing capacity to support markets forest small diameter and low value species, while reducing wildfire risk and aiding in active forest management on National Forests in Idaho.
• Jantz Logging, LLC, $109,901: Establish firewood processing operation to expand markets for small diameter and low value species and support reducing wildfire risk and active forest management on National Forests in Idaho.
• Todd Niehoff, $317,200: Upgrades to firewood processing operation to expand markets for small diameter and salvage timber while reducing wildfire risk and supporting active management on National Forests in Idaho.

Maryland 

• Garrett County Board of Commissioners, $150,000: Design a biomass thermal energy system to expand markets for low value timber and support active forest management in Maryland.
• State of Maryland Department of Natural Resources, $300,000:  Expand statewide biomass energy development in Maryland to increase markets for low-value wood while enhancing active forest management activities.

Massachusetts 

• Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary St. Benedict Center, Inc, $300,000 : Install district wood energy system to expand markets for low value forest biomass thereby supporting active forest management.

Michigan

• Northern Michigan University, $114,553:  Engineering plan to restart biomass energy system at a Michigan university   resulting in increased markets for low-value wood and support for active forest management.

Montana

• California Hotwood, Inc, $129,400: Improve residue processing equipment to increase firewood production from low value and small diameter forest byproducts in support of active forest management and reduced wildfire risk across National Forests in Montana and Idaho.
• Kanduch Logging, Inc, $258,780: Improve firewood production capacity to expand markets for small diameter forest byproducts and low value species to support active forest management and reduced wildfire risk across Montana's National Forests.

New Hampshire 

• PK Wood Pellet, LLC, $300,000: Install new pellet mill at a former sawmill site to expand markets for low-value wood while supporting active forest management in the northeast U.S..

New Mexico

• Junction Commodities, LLP, $1,000,000: Facility upgrades to produce wood pellets from small diameter material, wood manufacturing byproducts, and low value species, while supporting reduced wildfire risk and active forest management on National Forests and tribal forestlands in New Mexico.

New York

• Fitzpatrick & Weller, Inc, $800,085: Install wood energy emissions control equipment at two wood manufacturing facilities to support rural job retention while maintaining active forest management activities in New York.

Oregon

• JB Wood Recyclers, $1,000,000: Convert wood drying kilns from natural gas to wood biomass combustion supporting active forest management and low-value biomass utilization.
• Top Hat Mushrooms, Inc, $869,172: Design and install a biomass boiler to utilize residual wood  waste and local forest biomass which will support low-value wood markets and active forest management.

South Dakota

• Forest Products Distributors, Inc, $1,000,000: Increased wood pellet manufacturing capacity to increase utilization of forest byproducts, support active forest management, and reduced wildfire risk across the Black Hills National Forest and National Forests in Wyoming and Colorado.

Utah

• Maynes Equipment Repair, $374,605: Expansion of firewood processing operations to increase utilization of small diameter and low value timber and support wildfire risk reduction and active forest management on National Forests in Utah.

Vermont

• Department of Forests Parks & Recreation Vermont, $299,793: Advance multiple wood energy projects in Vermont to increase markets for low-value wood and enhance active forest management activities.
• PK Wood Pellet, $1,000,000: Purchase and install a wood boiler system a new pellet plant in Vermont supporting markets for low-value wood and active forest management in the region.

Washington

• Northwest Sawmill, LLC, $150,000: Expand wood residue processing and drying capabilities to increase biomass utilization while supporting rural jobs and active forest management in Washington.

Wisconsin

• Hack-Away Forest Products, Inc, $300,000: Expand firewood production capabilities and support active forest management in Wisconsin by increasing markets for low-value timber.

Tribal Proposals

• Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, $368,020: Increase firewood production capacity to expand markets for small diameter and low value timber and support reduced wildfire risk and active forest management on National Forests and other federal forest land in Nevada and California.

Demand for automation in wood stoves moves forward in Europe, but could be sidelined in the U.S.

Updated July 18 - The newest type of stove on the market is the automated or ‘smart’ stove that use sensors and computer chips to adjust airflow, instead of relying on the operator. Automated stoves enable the operator to "load and leave," allowing the stove to maximize efficiency and emissions reductions on its own. These stoves are likely to be the next major step towards cleaner residential wood heating because it is well-known that poor operation by the consumer is one of the main reasons for excessive smoke, and often it is the main reason. 

Automation does not just seek to address poor operation by the consumer.  It also can assess variable draft conditions caused by different chimney configuration, the altitude of the home, and the moisture content of the wood.  In addition, automated stoves are often interactive, helping to educate operators through visual prompts or detailed apps on smart phones. 

 

In Europe, automated stoves have been advancing far more quickly and are recognized as by the regulatory community as an important solution.  In the U.S., the EPA and other agencies are focusing on an equally important process - improving test methods for manually operated stoves – with little attention to automation. Improved test methods still leave manually operated stove vulnerable to wildly variable real-world emissions.  

 

Outside of regulatory circles, automated stove technologies have been promoted in the U.S. by the Wood Stove Design Challenge, a series of technology competitions, and by funding from the US Department of Energy in association with national labs.  A 2023 study from Brookhaven National Lab described the technology as “a minimal set of measurement sensors and a heuristic control strategy to actively modulate incoming air to enhance stove combustion performance, thereby eliminating user-error as a factor for emissions production.” More recently, researchers at Oregon State University and Aprovecho Research Center are focusing on automated technologies that show PM reductions up to 95% compared to older models

 

The first such stove on the US market, MF Fire’s Catalyst, launched in 2016, is now off the market. The second, Charnwood, a British manufacturer entered the US market in 2020 with their Skye E2700. The company say, “This stove uses Charnwood I-Blu combustion intelligence that continuously monitors the state of the fire and optimizes efficiency while reducing emissions through real-time adjustments. Air is introduced in just the right amounts, in the right places, at exactly the right time to ensure a cleaner, highly efficient burn.”

 

A third manufacturer, Pacific Energy has added automated technology to three of their stove models. The Neo 1.6 LE2 and the larger NEO 2.5 LE2, both of which come in freestanding and insert models. Under their True North brand, the TN25 C, they use the same technology on a hybrid stove with a catalyst that is continuously engaged, and does not have a damper control. According to an email from Pacific Energy, they use an “algorithm controlling two sources of supplemental air, working in the background to seamlessly improve combustion.  This patent pending technology uses two probes to monitor the firebox and the flue temperatures. Based on the absolute, delta and the rate of change in temperatures, the combustion is being optimized at all times.”  Pacific Energy markets these stoves as regular wood stoves without explaining the details of their automation to the consumer. 

 

The Canadian manufacturer SBI won an award at the 4th Wood Stove Design Challenge for their progress toward an automated stove and they received a grant from the DOE to develop it. A final version of it is expected to be EPA certified and on the North American market later in 2025. 
 
Automated stoves on the European market
In Europe there has been far more R&D and diversity of automated stove technology.  Notably, in Europe, manufacturers highlight the environmental benefits of automation to the public and to the regulatory community. Models include: 

 

Hase, Lima IQ (Germany)

Hwam SmartControl (Denmark)

Nordica, Larissa (France)

Rika, Rikatronic4 (Austria)

Scan Zensoric Technology,  (Denmark)

Xeoos Twinfire Blue (Germany)

Wodtke, Stage F (Germany)

Full vs. partial automation.  There are many ways to automate a wood stove and one of the main variables is whether the stove still has air levers that the operator can control.  If the stove has controls for the operator, it is virtually impossible to tell if the automation can override the operator, or vice versa.  Many consumers, particularly in North America, want to at least have the sense that they can control air flow, which is key to heat output.  Otherwise, control of heat output can be with the amount and frequency of wood that is loaded into the stove. Also, there is always the question of whether and how well an automated stove works during a power outage.  Most, if not all, can work, but will do so sub-optimally. 

Bi-metal springs that have been used for decades in stoves produce a very modest amount of automation to stoves, and they can be used in conjunction with electronic automation strategies.  

Other features. Some stoves have a LED light that will come on when its time to reload the stove.  Some are connected via wi-fi apps and can produce a sound to prompt the consumer when to reload. The Austrian company Rika has a feature where you load firestarter in the tray, add wood, and then you can program the stove to start remotely, as pellet stoves can.

Aftermarket solutions. Several companies have built devices that can monitor and/or control the airflow of existing stoves or be integrated into new stoves.  Maxitrol is a leading supplier and makes the battery powered “E-Flame air control system” that drives an actuator to control primary and secondary air flow.  It was designed in part to help companies meet future European EcoDesign Directives.  The Danish stove manufacturer Aduro has had it’s Smart Response on the market for several years. The app-connected thermometer provides feedback to the consumer on their smart phone about whether their stove is burning well, and how to improve its use.  Baltimore-based MF Fire is working on something similar. These technologies do not automate stove functions but monitor conditions and prompt the user to give the stove more air, add wood, clean their chimney, etc. 

Regulations and incentives to automate: In the United States, there is little regulatory pressure or incentives for manufacturers to automate.  The new Integrated Duty Cycle (IDC) test protocols are designed so that all types of stoves can be tested and to our knowledge the test method was not designed so that automated features would help a stove pass, though it is possible that will be the case. It is imperative that the National Residential Heating Task Force test the automated stoves on the market in the U.S. and give them the profile that other stove types are getting.  Currently, the test regimen may show the benefits of catalytic and hybrid stoves in the lab, without sufficient data or attention to how well cat stoves are used and maintained over their 10 – 20 year lifetime.  Automated stoves may also have maintenance issues over their 10 – 20 year lifespan, and it’s important to start assessing which automation strategies are more robust.

Test protocols are perhaps the best way to encourage manufacturers to innovate.  Protocols can make it harder for manually operated stoves to pass by requiring air adjustments that are likely to produce more smoke, unless sensors in the stove can adjust airflow themselves.  Making certification marginally tougher for non-cats to pass, leading to a growing percent of catalyst and hybrid stoves, is not an ideal solution compared to growing the number of automated stoves on the market.

At the state level, change-out and other incentive programs can start to recognize automated stoves and give them higher incentives.  Massachusetts is the only state that sought to provide incentives to automated stoves in a change out program in 2017 but it came too early and automated models were delayed coming on the marketplace.  States and air agencies can start to make consumers aware of this new type of wood stove, along with catalytic, non-catalytic, hybrid and pellet stoves. 

The lack of attention and support for the development of automated stove technology in the United States is connected to similar lack of support for cleaner pellet heating appliances.  Despite the ability of pellet stoves to emit very low levels of PM, the EPA allows them to emit the same level of PM as wood stoves, even though they have a different type of fuel, which should lead to stricter emission standards. In Europe, the EcoDesign Directive of 2022 requires pellet stoves to emit only half of what wood stoves are.  

The lack of “eco” or “green” labels for wood stoves in the U.S. has left manufacturers with little incentive to produce cleaner or automated stoves.  In Europe, some eco labels require pellet stoves, for example, to produce a quarter of the PM of wood stoves, and half of regular pellet stoves.  Manufacturers selling on the US market have mainly focused on achieving 75% efficiency, in order to qualify for the tax credit under IRS Section 25C.  Congress revoked that section, effective Dec. 31, 2025 and its unclear if it will be a permanent revocation or just for several years.  The credit has often lapsed since 2005, when it first began.  In Europe incentives have steered away from residential log heaters and focused on the best pellet stoves and boilers, which is a possible path forward in the U.S.

In Europe, some manufacturers feel that is not if, but when, they will have to start producing automated stoves. There is more urgency in Europe because of more widespread use of wood stoves in cities like London, and densely populated areas of Denmark, Netherlands, France, Germany and other countries. The German Blue Angel label and more local regulatory efforts, such as in Berlin, have also led to far more innovation and R&D on automation.  As in the U.S., lobbying by industry is slowing efforts at national and local levels to pass stricter measures that could lead to quicker adoption of automated stoves and more reliance on pellet stoves.

In early 2025, the European Commission released draft language of a new directive to take effect in 2027, including language that automation in stoves would be required. This led to strong industry push-back, and work on the new directive has been delayed.  The European Committee of Manufacturers of Domestic Heating and Cooking Appliances stated:

 

“The requirement of for automatic combustion control systems, additional testing, second conformity contradicts Ecodesign principles: it increases costs, energy consumption and maintenance need, limits technological neutrality and makes appliances more expensive.”
 
“Any Ecodesign regulation should not favour specific technologies. It should be technology-neutral and allow manufacturers to choose how to meet the regulation's requirements…. Although not explicitly required, a stove without a built-in catalytic converter and electrostatic precipitator is unlikely to meet the emission requirements. All seven known Blue Angel stoves have these features.”

 

This industry response to the draft of the next European Directive has many valid points which will also be part of the landscape in North America.  Regulators on both continents should shift their focus away from manually operated stoves and address these concerns and others as they move toward next-generation solid fuel heating solutions. One European study found automation reduced PM by 66% compared to one test method.

 

 

More resources on automated stoves

 

Eurocities, “Cities call for stronger EU rules on new wood-burning heaters to tackle deadly air pollution,” June 2025

AGH Webinar, “Harnessing Electronics for Cleaner, Smarter Wood Heating,” June 2025

14th U. S. National Combustion Meeting, “Forced-draft Airflow Control Tuned to Reduce PM Emissions in a Cordwood Room Heater Under Variable Operating Conditions,” 2025

 

Chemical Engineering Reactions. “Reducing Emissions from Current Clean-Burn Wood Stove Technology by Automating the Combustion Air Supply and Improving the End-User Interaction -Two Important Primary Measures,” 2023

 

IEA Bioenergy, “Design of Low Emission Wood Stoves,” 2022

 

Tarm Biomass, “Automated Wood Stoves: Technology Policies and Barriers,” 2017

 

Technical University of Denmark, “Guidelines for automated controls for wood stoves,” 2017

 

AGH Blog, “Automated stoves entering the marketplace,” 2014

 

AGH Blog, “Nine reasons manufacturers don’t use sensors in wood stoves,” 2013